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美国人心目中的美国大学排名是怎样的?
更新时间:2016.05.10 新闻来源:

作者:Brian
链接:http://www.zhihu.com/question/20640985/answer/16035751
来源:知乎
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。

The most popular US college rankings are published annually by US News,
National University Rankings [1]

    Harvard University
    Princeton University
    Yale University
    Columbia University
    University of Chicago
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
    Stanford University
    Duke University
    University of Pennsylvania
    California Institute of Technology (Caltech)


US News also publishes an international college ranking, which uses a different ranking metric, and it includes the famous Chinese universities,
World's Best Universities; Top 400 Universities in the World

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
    University of Cambridge
    Harvard University

...
44. Peking University (北京大学)
...
48. Tsinghua University (清华大学)
...
90. Fudan University (复旦大学)


As expected, the famous schools (Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Stanford) are at the top. In fact, when somebody admits for the first time that she or he graduated from Harvard, we call it "Dropping the 'H'-bomb".

But I bet there's a lot of schools in the top 50 that Chinese people have never heard of. These schools are household names in America.

For example, take Emory University (Rank 20). When two of my friends from China were admitted to Emory, I was ecstatic for them! Who in America hasn't heard of Emory? But then they told me that they were really concerned: they said nobody they asked in China had ever heard of Emory. They weren't sure whether it was a good school or not.

But what Americans think about these schools is a little more complicated. A useful way to look at American expectations is to look at their pocketbooks. Take a look at this study by Sallie Mae (Sallie Mae lends for student loans) on how American families pay for college How America Pays 2012 [2]


As you can see, a large portion of the tuition costs is shouldered by the student. This stems from the cultural and legal tradition that Americans are adults at 18 and therefore independent by the time many start college. But it is also an economic reality, since American parents tend to have a mortgage on their house, more than one child to put through college and maybe even student loans of their own.

I'm actually surprised by how low the numbers are in the study because almost all of my friends either worked part time or took loans or did both to help pay for school. For example, I worked part-time as a Resident Assistant in the dorms and that covered my room and board (food). Most of my friends also worked at paid summer internships instead of taking extra classes.

When I was applying for college, I remember visiting one of my teachers from middle school and she gave me the best college advice I remember, "Don't take out a loan for undergrad unless you absolutely have to," she said. When it was time to choose from the colleges that accepted me, I followed this advice. I could have gone to a private college famous for its engineering program if my family took out loans each year. But I decided to go to my state's public school, which also gave me a scholarship. Now that I've graduated, I've witnessed the fruition of my teacher's advice. I make as much or more than my friends who went to famous schools, not because I'm more talented, but because I work in a high-paying industry. And I'm also not burdened by the need to repay over a hundred thousand dollars.

With these financial restrictions in mind, American families try to look for the best value colleges. Thus a different ranking published by US News can be more useful,
Top Public Schools [3]

    University of California, Berkeley
    University of California, Los Angeles
    University of Virginia
    University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
    University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
    College of William and Mary
    Georgia Institute of Technology
    University of California, Davis
    University of California, San Diego
    University of California, Santa Barbara


If a family lives in the state of a public school, the student can attend the school at in-state tuition rates. In-state tuition is generally half the price of out-of-state or private school tuition. For example, at University of California, Berkeley, the in-state tuition is $14,985 per year, while the out-of-state tuition is $37,863 per year; at Harvard, the tuition is $38,480 per year.[4] This cost is only for tuition and doesn't include living expenses, books and travel. This makes a huge difference when families' decide on which school a student will attend.

But I also remember that when I was applying to college, my high school friends and I didn't rely very much on any of the rankings. We came to that conclusion after we discussed how the rankings were calculated. Up until a couple years ago, the US News college ranking would not only publish the result of the ranking, but also publish most of the data that it used to create those rankings (I can't find this data online anymore, unfortunately). We noticed that some of the colleges that were highly recommended by our college friends were very low on the rankings or didn't appear at all. This made us curious, so we graphed the data. Most of the data seemed to have a slight correlation with the rankings, but there were always outliers. One dataset fit the rankings almost exactly - Spending per Student. For example, Harvard (Rank 1) spends approximately $80,000 on each student over the course of her or his college career, while University of California, San Diego (Rank 38) spends approximately $20,000.[5] Other journalists had also noticed that the colleges were consistently ranked by Spending per Student; online commentators questioned whether the rankings would actually help students or would give them a lopsided perspective on which colleges were most suitable.

In addition to the questions about the ranking methodology, there is also debate about the ranking's usefulness. Washington Post Education Columnist, Jay Mathews, elaborates on studies that found no correlation between the prestigiousness of a school (including factors such as its rank) and a graduate's annual salary 15 years later. The data shows that students with similar GPA's in high school made similar amounts of money; looking at the data, you couldn't tell who went to an Ivy League and who went to a state school. Mathews contends that there are plenty of people who are smart enough and accomplished enough to go to a famous school, and choosing not to go, for whatever reason, has not been a disadvantage to them.[6]

This complex set of considerations, plus the plethora of choices awaiting high school seniors, could be a reason why the college visit and the first impression that a student receives from the campus is more persuasive than any newspaper ranking.

- - - - -

As always, if you have the courage and patience to translate this into Chinese, then go for it! =P

[1] http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/spp+50
[2] https://www1.salliemae.com/about/news_info/research/how_america_pays_2012/#main-content
[3] http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/top-public
[4] http://registrar.berkeley.edu/Registration/feesched.html
[5] http://collegemeasures.org/4-year_colleges/institution/Harvard-University-MA/scorecard/cost-per-student/
[6] http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44122857/ns/business-school_inc_/t/whats-ivy-league-education-worth/

- - - - -

相关答案

    美国留学要注意什么?
    在上过中国大学的外国学生眼里,外国大学和中国大学之间有哪些突出的不同?
    美国高中教育粗浅,大学教育尖端,中间的差距是如何排解的?

编辑于 2015-07-28 75 条评论 感谢
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猪小宝,博士僧 | 一级注册结构工程师
Souloral Assigns、杨雩锋、搞怪e叔 等人赞同 • 收录于 知乎周刊 、 编辑推荐
我来翻译@Brian 老师的答案!如果你觉得有道理或者有帮助,请去给@Brian 老师的回答点赞同或者感谢!
——————————————
最广为人知的美国大学排名是一年一度的US News 全美大学排名 National University Rankings [1]

    哈佛大学
    普林斯顿大学
    耶鲁大学
    哥伦比亚大学
    芝加哥大学
    麻省理工学院
    斯坦福大学
    杜克大学
    宾夕法尼亚大学
    加州理工学院

同时,US News 也会发布全球大学排名,这个排名与上面的全美大学排名所采用的标准有所不同,一些著名的中国大学也跻身这份榜单之中。
World's Best Universities; Top 400 Universities in the World

    麻省理工学院
    剑桥大学
    哈佛大学

...
44. 北京大学
...
48. 清华大学
...
90. 复旦大学

正如我们所想的,哈佛、耶鲁、普林斯顿、斯坦福这样的名校都名列榜首。事实上,当我们身边有人第一次承认她或者他是一个哈佛毕业生的时候,我们有一个专门的用语,叫做“Dropping the 'H'-bomb”。(译者注:H-bomb 是氢弹的俗称,而哈佛的英文名字首字母也是H,“扔氢弹”来指代承认某人是哈佛毕业生时给别人带来的特殊感受)

但我敢打赌,在全美前50名的大学中,有很多是大多数中国人从未听说过的。但这些学校在美国的名气可以说是家喻户晓。

举个例子,就说全美排名第20位的艾默理大学吧。我的两位中国朋友被艾默理大学录取了,我为他们感到无比的高兴。哪个美国人没听说过艾默理呢?但是他们告诉我他们很担心,因为他们在中国还没有遇到过一个听说过艾默理的人。他们不确定这个学校到底怎么样。(译者注:艾默理大学是一所位于亚特兰大的著名研究性大学,波士顿的哈佛-麻省理工和亚特兰大的艾默理-佐治亚理工是美国著名的两对互补短长的邻居大学)

当然,美国人在选择学校的时候考虑的因素会更复杂一些。我们可以通过分析美国人的教育资金支出情况来了解他们这些考虑。比如这个学生教育贷款机构 Sallie Mae 提供的关于美国家庭如何承担大学费用的调查。How America Pays 2012 [2]

正如我们所看到的,相当一部分的学费花销是由学生自己来承担的。因为按照美国的文化观念和法律传统,18岁以上的成年人都要独立生活,而18岁也正是很多人开始上大学的年龄。同时,这也要牵扯到家庭经济方面的原因。因为很多美国家长还承担着还房贷的压力,可能有不止一个孩子需要送去上大学,或者父母自己的助学贷款甚至还没有还清。

事实上,我很吃惊于这个调查结果中学生自己承担学费的比例是如此之低,因为我认识的所有朋友几乎都是自己承担自己的学费。他们或者有兼职工作,或者有学生贷款,或者两者都有。就拿我来说,我在学校宿舍担任兼职宿舍管理员,这份工资可以覆盖我的住宿和伙食费用。大多数我的朋友暑假会选择有薪酬的暑期实习,而不是在学校学习额外的夏季学期课程。(译者注:Resident Assistant 常见于美国大学,职责范围很广,更像中国大学里的辅导员,而不是中国大学的宿舍管理员)

还记得当我申请大学的时候,我拜访了一位我的高中老师,关于大学的申请和选择,她给了我一条最好的建议。她说:“除非迫不得已,否则尽量不要申请学生贷款”。后来我被多所大学同时录取,当我需要从中做出选择的时候,我听从了她的忠告。如果我的家庭每年为我申请教育贷款的话,我可以去一所著名的理工科私立大学。但是我选择了给我奖学金的本州的州立大学。现在我已经毕业了,我真正明白了这条忠告的价值。跟我那些选择了名校的朋友相比,我跟他们挣的一样多,甚至还要更多,这并不是因为我更聪明,而是因为我选择了一个高回报的行业。同时,我也不需要偿还十万美元的学生贷款。

考虑到这些经济制约因素,美国家庭更倾向于选择物有所值的大学。

因此,US News 的另一份榜单——公立大学排名——就会非常有用。
Top Public Schools [3]

    加州大学伯克利分校
    加州大学洛杉矶分校
    弗吉尼亚大学
    密歇根大学安娜堡分校
    北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校
    威廉玛丽学院
    佐治亚理工学院
    加州大学戴维斯分校
    加州大学圣迭戈分校
    加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校

如果你家就住在这个公立大学所在的州,那就可以享受州内学生的学费减免待遇。一般来说,州内学生的学费是州外学生学费或者私立大学学费的一半。比如加州大学伯克利分校的州内学费是每年$14985,州外学生的学费是每年$37863,而哈佛大学的学费则是每年$38480。[4] 这只是单纯的学费,不包括生活费、书费和交通费。在选择大学的时候,这是一个非常大的影响因素。

我还记得在我们申请大学的时候,我和我的高中同学们并不太看重这些学校排名。之所以如此,是因为我们讨论了这些排名是如何出炉的。就在几年前,US News 不仅仅公布大学排名的结果,还会公开排名所依据的各类数据(很可惜现在的网络上已经找不到这些数据了)。我们注意到,有一些我们的大学朋友们极力推荐的学校排名非常低,甚至有的都没有上榜。我们很好奇,于是就图像化分析了这些数据。我们发现大多数数据对最终的排名都有轻微的影响,但也总是有一些统计学上的异常数据。有一项数据的排名几乎就是最终的大学排名,这项数据就是每个学生的平均教育资金投入。比如排名第1位的哈佛大学为每位学生在整个本科期间的课程大约花费8万美元,而排名第38位的加州大学圣迭戈分校的这个数字大约为2万美元。[5] 很多记者也发现了大学排名跟每个学生的平均课程花费是基本一致的。有些网上的评论因此提出了质疑,到底这些排名能够真正帮助学生合理选校,还是充满了不合理的偏见。

除了对于大学排名的方法的质疑,还有人在质疑大学排名是否真的有用。华盛顿邮报的教育专栏作家 Jay Mathaws 详细的报道了一个关于大学的声誉(包括学校排名等因素)和其毕业生工作15年后的年薪并没有任何关系的调查研究。数据显示,有关系的是高中成绩,那些在高中期间成绩类似的学生工作后的年薪也在同一水平。只根据工作后的年薪这一数据,你根本无法分辨谁是常春藤盟校的毕业生,谁是州立大学的毕业生。Mathews 认为,很多学生足够聪明也足够有能力去那些名校,但出于各种原因,他们没有选择去名校,而这并没有阻碍他们的发展。[6]

在选择大学的时候,需要考虑的因素太多太复杂,而众多大学所带来的众多选择更容易让高中生挑花了眼,这也可以解释为什么参观校园和由此带来的第一印象要远比媒体的大学排名重要的多。
——————————————
[1] National University Rankings
[2] How America Pays 2012
[3] Top Public Schools
[4] Registration Fees
[5] Cost per Student Analysis
[6] What's an Ivy League education worth?
——————————————
以上翻译自@Brian 的答案 美国人心目中的美国大学排名是怎样的?
有不准确和不恰当的地方请大家指正。再次说明,如果你觉得有道理或者有帮助,请去给@Brian 的回答点赞同或者感谢!
编辑于 2013-07-01 49 条评论 感谢
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勘探队
Souloral Assigns、Jarvis Tse、邓胖 等人赞同
其实大部分美国人根本不关心所谓的排名,这是因为:

1.因为强校一般都集中在东北部和加州,而美国人口在地域上并不像中国人口那么集中,所以从人口上来说,美国大部分人不会那么关注离自己家几千里之外的学校;

2.美国大学的undergraduate(本科)学生分布也不像中国那样来自祖国各地,就拿我的大学来说,80%+的学生来自本州,占比重稍大的州也都是相邻或相近的州。这是因为:

    2a.美国大学,尤其是公立大学(公立大学一般一届招生都接近1w人,所以是招生的主力军)对于州内州外的学费差别很大,一个Ohio居民几乎不可能能去OSU而偏去UCLA,尽管后者比前者略好。中国大学学费几乎都差不多,大家不会因为成本而考虑学校的选择的。
    2b.美国人大部分不大喜欢离开家太远,因为美国地域在文化上彼此也有冲突,比如南北差异其实就比较大。有些人可能说,安徽和上海差别也挺大啊,一个是偏贫困的省,一个是大都市啊。中国的差异容易调和,这是因为中国人文化上本来相对来说穷的顺从富的。而美国经济发展较为平衡,即使经济落后的地方也不一定买富裕地方的账,一个阿拉巴马州整天听乡村音乐的农民孩子不会在一个洛杉矶听着摇滚音乐的孩子前抬不起头。美国年轻人对于NYC的向往远远没有中国年轻人对于北上广的向往一样强烈。我的很多美国朋友就打算未来在一个小town生活,不想去大城市。


3.美国大学发展比较均衡,不会像中国大学在档次上那么分明。在美国很多综合排名50名开外的大学你也很容易找到某几个在全美TOP级别的专业或者某个领域的专家。而在中国一所普通211做到这点很难。

4.任何排名的重点都是学术,而美国大部分人对于学术并不是那么渴望,大部分美国人都是读一个本科毕业就去工作,他们并没有中国对graduate school那么青睐。所以他们只要努力选择一个感兴趣的专业就可以。

5.美国人选择大学在很大层面上是根据学校在本州的名声和家族的传统。这一点中国人可能比较难理解,因为中国由于出现文化断层,我们的父辈大部分都没上过大学或者曾经上过的大学现在早已经被各种合并各种改名了。而美国人一代接一代,各代之间没有学历差异,所以他们很多人都愿意选择父辈或者哥哥姐姐去的学校(当然也有叛逆的选择家人母校的rivalry(敌对学校))。所以你能在美国一个排名100的州立大学找到这个州顶尖的学生,而中国每个省级行政单位顶尖学生几乎都去清北了。

6.美国人更多对于学校的选择不是参考排名,而是参考学校的精神和传统。这个可能有人说,中国大学也有传统啊,但是我想说,中国大学发展年数短,而且受到政府统一化的制约比较大,中国没有几所大学有鲜明的精神。就算有,中国也没多少18岁少年理解那个学校的精神和传统,或者说中国的高中毕业生几乎不会因为喜欢那个学校的传统而放弃选择能更高一个档次的学校。比如你的分数能上清华,你几乎不会认为因为北理工军工强大而你喜欢军工去选择北理工二放弃清华。美国大学精神分明,比如我这个学校就是很保守和传统的学校,曾经在电影上看到的所有美国大学场景在我这都见不到,这个学校的人几乎都有这清一色的性格。

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